Definition Oxidative stress refers to a state in which the generation of reactive oxygen species and other oxidizing substances within cells exceeds the capacity of antioxidant and repair systems, thereby causing oxidative damage and disrupting cellular homeostasis. Detailed Description Under normal conditions, cells continuously generate substances such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Common ROS in cells include superoxide anion (•O₂⁻),
