The Origin of Bird Flight — The Evolution of Pennaceous Feathers

Feathers are central to the ability of modern birds to fly and to maintain body temperature. Structures of this kind are now known from many non-avian dinosaurs that were closely related to birds, and feather-like coverings have even been identified in the more distant pterosaurs. Across these animals, feathers appear in a wide variety of forms. Some are simple, filamentous down-like structures, while others show the complex architecture typical of flight feathers. Among the different feather types, the evolution of pennaceous feathers was especially significant, because later flight feathers and tail feathers represent specialized forms within this broader category.

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