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The Sound of Evolution
Morphine
Mechanism of action:
Morphine is an opioid. Morphine binds to the μ-opioid receptor and activates Gi/o proteins, thereby inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, lowering cAMP levels, and suppressing presynaptic voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels. This prevents calcium influx and reduces the release of pain-related neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P. At the same time, it activates postsynaptic K⁺ channels, promoting potassium efflux and causing neuronal hyperpolarization.
Reference(s):
1. Pacifici GM et al. (2016). Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of morphine in neonates: A review. Clinics (Sao Paulo).
2. Kim J et al. (2016). Brain Reward Circuits in Morphine Addiction. Mol Cells.
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