The Sound of Evolution
Pindolol
Mechanism of action:
Pindolol is a non-selective β-adrenergic blocker. It blocks β₁ receptors on cardiomyocytes, inhibits Gs protein activation, decreases cAMP, reduces intracellular calcium, and lowers myocardial contractility, thereby reducing blood pressure. It also blocks β₂ receptors on bronchial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle, likewise inhibiting Gs protein activation and reducing cAMP, which weakens smooth muscle relaxation and may lead to bronchoconstriction and increased peripheral vascular resistance.
Reference(s):
1. Blumenfeld JD et al. (1999). Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade as a therapeutic approach for suppressing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Am J Hypertens.
2. Clark BJ et al. (1982). Pindolol--the pharmacology of a partial agonist. Br J Clin Pharmacol.
3. Ferguson SS et al. (2014). beta-adrenoceptors as molecular targets in the treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol.