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Codeine

可待因

Mechanism of action:

Codeine 是一種鴉片類藥物(opioid)。Codeine 的主要作用來自其代謝產物嗎啡(morphine)。它在肝臟中經 CYP2D6 酵素 O-去甲基化(O-demethylation),轉化為嗎啡。嗎啡主要為強效 μ-阿片受體(μ-opioid receptor) 促效劑,μ-受體活化後會抑制腺苷酸環化酶(adenylate cyclase),降低 cAMP 產生,使突觸前的鈣離子通道關閉,從而抑制疼痛相關神經傳導物質(如 substance P、glutamate)的釋放;同時,突觸後的鉀離子外流增加,導致神經元超極化(hyperpolarization)。不過也有研究認為,codeine 的另一個代謝物可待因-6-葡萄醣醛酸(codeine-6-glucuronide)可能對止痛有一定貢獻,一樣能與 μ-阿片受體結合。甚至還可代謝出嗎啡-6-葡萄醣醛酸(morphine-6-glucuronide),止痛效力強於嗎啡本身。

​Reference(s):

1. Schroeder K et al. (2004). Over-the-counter medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 


2. Vree TB et al. (2000). Codeine analgesia is due to codeine-6-glucuronide, not morphine. Int J Clin Pract. 


3. Srinivasan V et al. (1997). Analgesic effects of codeine-6-glucuronide after intravenous administration. Eur J Pain.

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