The Sound of Evolution
Insulin
胰島素
Mechanism of action:
Insulin，也就是胰島素，是一種胜肽類荷爾蒙（peptide hormone），由胰臟 β 細胞分泌，是體內調控血糖恆定與能量代謝的核心激素。Insulin 與細胞膜上的胰島素受體（insulin receptor）結合後，促使受體自我磷酸化（autophosphorylation），進而磷酸化 IRS（insulin receptor substrate）蛋白，之後啟動 PI3K-AKT 訊號路徑，使葡萄糖轉運蛋白4型（GLUT4）轉位至細胞膜，增加葡萄糖進入細胞、促進肝臟與肌肉糖原合成（glycogenesis）、抑制肝臟糖質新生（gluconeogenesis）、抑制脂肪分解（lipolysis）、促進脂肪與蛋白質合成等。
Reference(s):
1. Herrmann BL et al. (2013). Comparison of insulin aspart vs. regular human insulin with or without insulin detemir concerning adipozytokines and metabolic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.
2. Lepore M et al. (2000). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes.
3. Owens DR et al. (2000). Pharmacokinetics of ¹²⁵I-labeled insulin glargine (HOE 901) in healthy men: comparison with NPH insulin and the influence of different subcutaneous injection sites. Diabetes Care.